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轴向柱塞泵的性能参数
轴向柱塞泵的主要性能有压力、排量、转速、效率和寿命等，主要结构参数有柱塞的直径、柱塞数、斜盘倾角等。
The main performances of axial piston pump include pressure, displacement, speed, efficiency and life. The main structural parameters include the diameter of plunger, the number of plunger and the inclination angle of swashplate.
(l)压力 在各种液压泵中，柱塞泵能达到的T作压力最高。直轴式和斜轴式柱塞泵的压力普遍达到了40～48MPa，某些军品甚至达60MPa;旋转斜盘式柱塞泵的最高压力达100MPa。
(L) pressure in all kinds of hydraulic pumps, the piston pump can achieve T as the highest pressure. The pressure of straight shaft and inclined shaft piston pump generally reached 40 ~ 48MPa, and some military products even reached 60MPa; the maximum pressure of rotary swashplate piston pump reached 100MPa.
(2)排量的估算及范围 轴向柱塞泵的排量主要取决于柱塞直径、柱塞的有效行程、斜盘倾角（传动轴与缸体轴线之间的夹角）以及每个工作循环中各柱塞的作用次数等。
(2) displacement estimation and the range of axial piston pump displacement mainly depends on the diameter of plunger, plunger effective stroke, swash plate angle (the angle between the axis of the drive shaft and the cylinder and the piston) each cycle in the role of the times.
柱塞泵排量的通用计算公式为
The general formula for calculating the displacement of piston pump is
V=Kπ/4d2hZ×10-3 (mL/r)
V=K PI /4d2hZ x 10-3 (mL/r)
式中 K——每个工作循环中各柱塞的作用次数；
Type K -- the action times of each plunger in each working cycle;
d——柱塞直径，mm；
D -- plunger diameter, mm;
h——柱塞的有效行程，mm；
H -- the effective stroke of the plunger, mm;
Z——柱塞数。
Z -- number of plungers.
轴向柱塞泵的排量计算公式见下表。
The displacement calculation formula of axial piston pump is shown in the following table.
常用直轴式柱塞泵的排量范围为1.5～1500mL/r；斜轴式柱塞泵的排量范围为5～2500mL/r；旋转斜盘式柱塞泵的排量范围为2.5～100mL/r。
The displacement range of the commonly used straight axial piston pump is 1.5 to 1500mL/r; the displacement range of the inclined axial piston pump is 5 to 2500mL/r; the displacement range of the swash plate piston pump is 2.5 to 100mL/r.
(3)转速柱塞泵的许用转速均很高，具体数值因排量规格不同而异，例如小排量的转速可超过10000r/min，中等排量泵的转速为3000～5000r/min，大规格重系列直轴泵在有预压的条件下，转速也可达2000r/min以上。
(3) the speed of piston pump allowable speed is high, the specific value for displacement specifications vary, such as small displacement speed can be more than 10000r/min, medium displacement pump speed is 3000 ~ 5000r/min, large size heavy series straight shaft pump in the preload conditions, speed can reach more than 2000r/min.
(4)效率 在已知的各种液压泵中，由于柱塞泵的工作容积具有完全连续的密封线（面），故能达到最高的容积效率。又由于各运动副之间的润滑条件良好，它的机械效率也已达到了很高的水平。
(4) efficiency in the known hydraulic pumps, because the plunger pump volume has a fully continuous sealing line (surface), it can achieve the highest volumetric efficiency. The mechanical efficiency has reached a high level because of the good lubrication conditions between the moving pairs.
目前40MPa压力级重系列轴向柱塞泵在额定工况点附近的容积效率和机械效率均超过95%，最高总效率高达91%～93%。由于斜轴式柱塞泵缸体的摆角可以较大，工作容积内的“死容积”相对较小，又没有滑履静压支承的漏损项，加之缸体和柱塞的受力情况较好，它的容积效率和机械效率都会比同档次的直轴式柱塞泵要更高一些。
At present, the volume efficiency and the mechanical efficiency of the 40MPa pressure grade heavy series axial piston pump are more than 95% at the rated operating point, and the highest total efficiency is 91% - 93%. The axial piston pump cylinder swing angle can be large working volume within the "dead volume" is relatively small, and no leakage of sliding shoes hydrostatic bearing, and the force of cylinder and plunger is better, its volume efficiency and mechanical efficiency will be higher than the direct axis type plunger pump the same grade.
由于泄漏和摩擦的缘故，容积效率和机械效率相乘而得的总效率曲线为一种随压力和转速的增加先升高然后又降低的走势。由于变量机构的支承刚度等因素的影响，变量泵即使在最大排量时的效率也总是略低于同型的定量泵。此外，液压泵的效率与所采用的工作介质的性状、品质及温度也有很大的关系。
Because of the leakage and friction, the total efficiency curve multiplied by the volumetric efficiency and the mechanical efficiency is a trend that increases first and then decreases with the increase of the pressure and the rotation speed. Because of the influence of the supporting stiffness of the variable mechanism, the efficiency of the variable displacement pump is always slightly lower than that of the same type of constant displacement pump even at the maximum displacement. In addition, the efficiency of the hydraulic pump is closely related to the characteristics, quality and temperature of the working medium used.
图P所示为一种典型斜轴式定量柱塞泵的全特性效率曲线。
Figure P shows the full characteristic efficiency curve of a typical inclined axle type quantitative piston pump.
(5)使用寿命现代柱塞泵的主要工作部件的摩擦副间一般均有良好的液体润滑层，有的还是基丁静压轴承原理设计的，选用的又都是高性能的材料并经过精细加工和热处理，故在正确的使用条件下（特别是采用了适当黏度的工作介质并保持其足够的洁净度），柱塞泵在额定T况下的使用寿命是很长的，例如对于重系列轴向柱塞泵可达10000～12000h以上。一般而言，轴向柱塞泵的寿命要比径向柱塞泵长，在直轴式柱塞泵中旋转缸体式泵比旋转斜盘式泵长。
(5) the main working parts of modern life of the friction between the piston pump generally have good liquid lubricating layer, or based on hydrostatic bearing principle design, selection and are of high performance materials and refined processing and heat treatment, the use of a right under (especially with work the appropriate medium viscosity and maintain sufficient cleanliness, service life of plunger pump) in T rated conditions is very long, for example, is heavy series axial plunger pump 10000 to more than 12000h. Generally speaking, axial piston pump has longer service life than radial piston pump. In straight axis piston pump, rotary cylinder pump is longer than rotary swash plate pump.
(6)流量脉动和噪声 与其他液压泵相比，柱塞泵的流量脉动和噪声较大。而柱塞泵流量脉动是噪声的主要诱因。在各类柱塞泵中，座阀配流柱塞泵噪声水平最高，其他柱塞泵的噪声水平则基本相当。柱塞数对流量脉动高低有很大影响，且柱塞数取为奇数较取为偶数对降低流量脉动更为有利。为此，传统设计准则是把柱塞数取为奇数，即取为5、7、9、11等。
(6) compared with other hydraulic pumps, the flow pulsation and noise of the piston pump are larger than those of other hydraulic pumps. The flow pulsation of piston pump is the main cause of noise. In all kinds of piston pumps, seat valve distribution piston pump noise level is the highest, the other piston pump noise level is basically the same. The number of plunger has a great influence on the flow pulsation, and the number of the piston is odd, which is even more favorable to reduce the flow pulsation. To this end, the traditional design criteria is to take the number of odd number, that is, 5, 7, 9, 11 and so on.
(7)功率密度及性价比 柱塞泵的高压、高转速的大范围工作包线使它所能传输的功率值很大，在高压系统中的功率密度可达10kW/kg以上，特别是作为高压变量泵具有很高的性价比，是其他类型的泵所无法替代的。但由于它是一种壳体非承压式的元件，按单位结构体积所能得到的排量值却不如齿轮泵和叶片泵那样大，故在中低压液压系统中和作为定量泵使用时，柱塞泵显得比较笨重而昂贵。
(7) a wide range of high voltage, high speed power density and the ratio of piston pump operating envelope to power it can transfer large value, more than in the high-pressure system power density up to 10kW/kg, especially for the high pressure variable pump has a very high price, other types of pumps can not be replaced by. But because it is a kind of non bearing type shell element, according to the unit volume structure can get the displacement value is less than the pump and vane pump as big, so in low pressure hydraulic system and used as a quantitative pump, plunger pump is cumbersome and expensive.
(8)主要结构参数柱塞数Z与柱塞直径d及柱塞孔在缸体上的分布圆半径R是三个相互制约的参数，且与结构类型、性能、强度、刚度、工艺性有关。柱塞数较大时，可以增大轴向柱塞泵的排量，但过大的柱塞数将增大泵的径向尺寸及整个泵的体积和重量。为了降低流量脉动，柱塞泵的柱塞数则应为奇数，常取Z=5～9，一般通轴式柱塞泵取Z=9，非通轴式柱塞泵取Z=7。
(8) the main structure parameters of piston number Z and D and the diameter of the plunger plunger hole in the cylinder radius distribution of R are three mutually constrained parameters, which is associated with the type of structure, performance, strength, stiffness, process. When the piston number is large, the displacement of the axial piston pump can be increased, but the excessive piston number will increase the radial size of the pump and the volume and weight of the whole pump. In order to reduce the flow pulsation, the plunger number of the plunger pump should be odd number, often take Z=5 ~ 9, the general axial piston pump takes Z=9, and the non through shaft piston pump takes Z=7.
直轴式柱塞泵的斜盘倾角一般为γmax=18°～21°。斜轴式柱塞泵的传动轴与缸体轴线之间的夹角通常为γmax=25°～45°。
The swash plate angle of the straight axis piston pump is generally from max=18 to 21 degrees. The angle between the transmission shaft and the cylinder axis of the inclined axial piston pump is usually between max=25 and 45 degrees.
The main performances of axial piston pump include pressure, displacement, speed, efficiency and life. The main structural parameters include the diameter of plunger, the number of plunger and the inclination angle of swashplate.
(l)压力 在各种液压泵中，柱塞泵能达到的T作压力最高。直轴式和斜轴式柱塞泵的压力普遍达到了40～48MPa，某些军品甚至达60MPa;旋转斜盘式柱塞泵的最高压力达100MPa。
(L) pressure in all kinds of hydraulic pumps, the piston pump can achieve T as the highest pressure. The pressure of straight shaft and inclined shaft piston pump generally reached 40 ~ 48MPa, and some military products even reached 60MPa; the maximum pressure of rotary swashplate piston pump reached 100MPa.
(2)排量的估算及范围 轴向柱塞泵的排量主要取决于柱塞直径、柱塞的有效行程、斜盘倾角（传动轴与缸体轴线之间的夹角）以及每个工作循环中各柱塞的作用次数等。
(2) displacement estimation and the range of axial piston pump displacement mainly depends on the diameter of plunger, plunger effective stroke, swash plate angle (the angle between the axis of the drive shaft and the cylinder and the piston) each cycle in the role of the times.
柱塞泵排量的通用计算公式为
The general formula for calculating the displacement of piston pump is
V=Kπ/4d2hZ×10-3 (mL/r)
V=K PI /4d2hZ x 10-3 (mL/r)
式中 K——每个工作循环中各柱塞的作用次数；
Type K -- the action times of each plunger in each working cycle;
d——柱塞直径，mm；
D -- plunger diameter, mm;
h——柱塞的有效行程，mm；
H -- the effective stroke of the plunger, mm;
Z——柱塞数。
Z -- number of plungers.
轴向柱塞泵的排量计算公式见下表。
The displacement calculation formula of axial piston pump is shown in the following table.
常用直轴式柱塞泵的排量范围为1.5～1500mL/r；斜轴式柱塞泵的排量范围为5～2500mL/r；旋转斜盘式柱塞泵的排量范围为2.5～100mL/r。
The displacement range of the commonly used straight axial piston pump is 1.5 to 1500mL/r; the displacement range of the inclined axial piston pump is 5 to 2500mL/r; the displacement range of the swash plate piston pump is 2.5 to 100mL/r.
(3)转速柱塞泵的许用转速均很高，具体数值因排量规格不同而异，例如小排量的转速可超过10000r/min，中等排量泵的转速为3000～5000r/min，大规格重系列直轴泵在有预压的条件下，转速也可达2000r/min以上。
(3) the speed of piston pump allowable speed is high, the specific value for displacement specifications vary, such as small displacement speed can be more than 10000r/min, medium displacement pump speed is 3000 ~ 5000r/min, large size heavy series straight shaft pump in the preload conditions, speed can reach more than 2000r/min.
(4)效率 在已知的各种液压泵中，由于柱塞泵的工作容积具有完全连续的密封线（面），故能达到最高的容积效率。又由于各运动副之间的润滑条件良好，它的机械效率也已达到了很高的水平。
(4) efficiency in the known hydraulic pumps, because the plunger pump volume has a fully continuous sealing line (surface), it can achieve the highest volumetric efficiency. The mechanical efficiency has reached a high level because of the good lubrication conditions between the moving pairs.
目前40MPa压力级重系列轴向柱塞泵在额定工况点附近的容积效率和机械效率均超过95%，最高总效率高达91%～93%。由于斜轴式柱塞泵缸体的摆角可以较大，工作容积内的“死容积”相对较小，又没有滑履静压支承的漏损项，加之缸体和柱塞的受力情况较好，它的容积效率和机械效率都会比同档次的直轴式柱塞泵要更高一些。
At present, the volume efficiency and the mechanical efficiency of the 40MPa pressure grade heavy series axial piston pump are more than 95% at the rated operating point, and the highest total efficiency is 91% - 93%. The axial piston pump cylinder swing angle can be large working volume within the "dead volume" is relatively small, and no leakage of sliding shoes hydrostatic bearing, and the force of cylinder and plunger is better, its volume efficiency and mechanical efficiency will be higher than the direct axis type plunger pump the same grade.
由于泄漏和摩擦的缘故，容积效率和机械效率相乘而得的总效率曲线为一种随压力和转速的增加先升高然后又降低的走势。由于变量机构的支承刚度等因素的影响，变量泵即使在最大排量时的效率也总是略低于同型的定量泵。此外，液压泵的效率与所采用的工作介质的性状、品质及温度也有很大的关系。
Because of the leakage and friction, the total efficiency curve multiplied by the volumetric efficiency and the mechanical efficiency is a trend that increases first and then decreases with the increase of the pressure and the rotation speed. Because of the influence of the supporting stiffness of the variable mechanism, the efficiency of the variable displacement pump is always slightly lower than that of the same type of constant displacement pump even at the maximum displacement. In addition, the efficiency of the hydraulic pump is closely related to the characteristics, quality and temperature of the working medium used.
图P所示为一种典型斜轴式定量柱塞泵的全特性效率曲线。
Figure P shows the full characteristic efficiency curve of a typical inclined axle type quantitative piston pump.
(5)使用寿命现代柱塞泵的主要工作部件的摩擦副间一般均有良好的液体润滑层，有的还是基丁静压轴承原理设计的，选用的又都是高性能的材料并经过精细加工和热处理，故在正确的使用条件下（特别是采用了适当黏度的工作介质并保持其足够的洁净度），柱塞泵在额定T况下的使用寿命是很长的，例如对于重系列轴向柱塞泵可达10000～12000h以上。一般而言，轴向柱塞泵的寿命要比径向柱塞泵长，在直轴式柱塞泵中旋转缸体式泵比旋转斜盘式泵长。
(5) the main working parts of modern life of the friction between the piston pump generally have good liquid lubricating layer, or based on hydrostatic bearing principle design, selection and are of high performance materials and refined processing and heat treatment, the use of a right under (especially with work the appropriate medium viscosity and maintain sufficient cleanliness, service life of plunger pump) in T rated conditions is very long, for example, is heavy series axial plunger pump 10000 to more than 12000h. Generally speaking, axial piston pump has longer service life than radial piston pump. In straight axis piston pump, rotary cylinder pump is longer than rotary swash plate pump.
(6)流量脉动和噪声 与其他液压泵相比，柱塞泵的流量脉动和噪声较大。而柱塞泵流量脉动是噪声的主要诱因。在各类柱塞泵中，座阀配流柱塞泵噪声水平最高，其他柱塞泵的噪声水平则基本相当。柱塞数对流量脉动高低有很大影响，且柱塞数取为奇数较取为偶数对降低流量脉动更为有利。为此，传统设计准则是把柱塞数取为奇数，即取为5、7、9、11等。
(6) compared with other hydraulic pumps, the flow pulsation and noise of the piston pump are larger than those of other hydraulic pumps. The flow pulsation of piston pump is the main cause of noise. In all kinds of piston pumps, seat valve distribution piston pump noise level is the highest, the other piston pump noise level is basically the same. The number of plunger has a great influence on the flow pulsation, and the number of the piston is odd, which is even more favorable to reduce the flow pulsation. To this end, the traditional design criteria is to take the number of odd number, that is, 5, 7, 9, 11 and so on.
(7)功率密度及性价比 柱塞泵的高压、高转速的大范围工作包线使它所能传输的功率值很大，在高压系统中的功率密度可达10kW/kg以上，特别是作为高压变量泵具有很高的性价比，是其他类型的泵所无法替代的。但由于它是一种壳体非承压式的元件，按单位结构体积所能得到的排量值却不如齿轮泵和叶片泵那样大，故在中低压液压系统中和作为定量泵使用时，柱塞泵显得比较笨重而昂贵。
(7) a wide range of high voltage, high speed power density and the ratio of piston pump operating envelope to power it can transfer large value, more than in the high-pressure system power density up to 10kW/kg, especially for the high pressure variable pump has a very high price, other types of pumps can not be replaced by. But because it is a kind of non bearing type shell element, according to the unit volume structure can get the displacement value is less than the pump and vane pump as big, so in low pressure hydraulic system and used as a quantitative pump, plunger pump is cumbersome and expensive.
(8)主要结构参数柱塞数Z与柱塞直径d及柱塞孔在缸体上的分布圆半径R是三个相互制约的参数，且与结构类型、性能、强度、刚度、工艺性有关。柱塞数较大时，可以增大轴向柱塞泵的排量，但过大的柱塞数将增大泵的径向尺寸及整个泵的体积和重量。为了降低流量脉动，柱塞泵的柱塞数则应为奇数，常取Z=5～9，一般通轴式柱塞泵取Z=9，非通轴式柱塞泵取Z=7。
(8) the main structure parameters of piston number Z and D and the diameter of the plunger plunger hole in the cylinder radius distribution of R are three mutually constrained parameters, which is associated with the type of structure, performance, strength, stiffness, process. When the piston number is large, the displacement of the axial piston pump can be increased, but the excessive piston number will increase the radial size of the pump and the volume and weight of the whole pump. In order to reduce the flow pulsation, the plunger number of the plunger pump should be odd number, often take Z=5 ~ 9, the general axial piston pump takes Z=9, and the non through shaft piston pump takes Z=7.
直轴式柱塞泵的斜盘倾角一般为γmax=18°～21°。斜轴式柱塞泵的传动轴与缸体轴线之间的夹角通常为γmax=25°～45°。
The swash plate angle of the straight axis piston pump is generally from max=18 to 21 degrees. The angle between the transmission shaft and the cylinder axis of the inclined axial piston pump is usually between max=25 and 45 degrees.
